1oz（盎司）=28.35克

1lb（磅）=453.59克

1" inch（英寸）= 2.539999918厘米

1\' foot（英尺）=30.48厘米

°C摄氏度＝（°F华氏度－32）÷1.8

1c.i.=1Cubic Inches( 立方英寸)=0.0164L(升)

Bear Facts
The Essentials of Traveling in Bear Country

Bear Behavior

One of the things that makes Alaska so special is that all three species of North American bears flourish here. There is a chance that you may be lucky enough to see a bear. But even if you don't you will never be far from one, because Alaska is bear country.

Brown/grizzly bears are found from the islands of southeastern Alaska to the arctic. Black bears inhabit most of Alaska's forests. Polar bears frequent the pack ice and tundra of extreme northern and western Alaska.

Bears are curious, intelligent and potentially dangerous animals, but undue fear of bears can endanger both bears and people. Many bears are killed each year by people who are afraid of them. Respecting bears and learning proper behavior in their territory will help so that if you encounter a bear, neither of you will suffer needlessly from the experience.

Most bears tend to avoid people. In most cases, if you give a bear the opportunity to do the right thing, it will. Many bears live in Alaska and many people enjoy the outdoors, but surprisingly few people even see bears. Only a tiny percentage of those few are ever threatened by a bear. A study by the state epidemiologist showed that during the first 85 years of this century, only 20 people died in bear attacks in Alaska. In the 10 years 1975-85, 19 people in Alaska were killed by dogs.

Most people who see a bear in the wild consider it the highlight of their trip. The presence of these majestic creatures is a reminder of how privileged we are to share some of the country's dwindling wilderness.

Bears and People
Bears Don't Like Surprises

If you are hiking through bear country, make your presence known - especially where the terrain or vegetation makes it hard to see. Make noise, sing, talk loudly or tie a bell to your pack. If possible, travel with a group. Groups are noisier and easier for bears to detect. Avoid thick brush. If you can't, try to walk with the wind at your back so your scent will warn bears of your presence. Contrary to popular belief, bears can see almost as well as people, but trust their noses much more than their eyes or ears. Always let bears know you are there.

Bears, like humans, use trails and roads. Don't set up camp close to a trail they might use. Detour around areas where you see or smell carcasses of fish or animals, or see scavengers congregated. A bear's food may be there and if the bear is nearby, it may defend the cache aggressively.

Don't Crowd Bears!

Give bears plenty of room. Some bears are more tolerant than others, but every bear has a "personal space" - the distance within which a bear feels threatened. If you stray within that zone, a bear may react aggressively. When photographing bears, use long lenses; getting close for a great shot could put you inside the danger zone.

Bears Are Always Looking for Something to Eat!

Bears have only about six months to build up fat reserves for their long winter hibernation. Don't let them learn human food or garbage is an easy meal. It is both foolish and illegal to feed bears, either on purpose or by leaving food or garbage that attracts them.

Cook away from your tent. Store all food away from your campsite. Hang food out of reach of bears if possible. If no trees are available, store your food in airtight or specially designed bear-proof containers. Remember, pets and their food may also attract bears.

Keep a clean camp. Wash your dishes. Avoid smelly food like bacon and smoked fish. Keep food smells off your clothing. Burn garbage completely in a hot fire and pack out the remains. Food and garbage are equally attractive to a bear so treat them with equal care. Burying garbage is a waste of time. Bears have keen noses and are great diggers.

If a bear approaches while you are fishing, stop fishing. If you have a fish on your line, don't let it splash. If that's not possible, cut your line. If a bear learns it can obtain fish just by approaching fisherman, it will return for more.

Close Encounters: What to do

If you see a bear, avoid it if you can. Give the bear every opportunity to avoid you. If you do encounter a bear at close distance, remain calm. Attacks are rare. Chances are, you are not in danger. Most bears are interested only in protecting food, cubs or their "personal space." Once the threat is removed, they will move on. Remember the following:

Identify Yourself
Let the bear know you are human. Talk to the bear in a normal voice. Wave your arms. Help the bear recognize you. If a bear cannot tell what you are, it may come closer or stand on its hind legs to get a better look or smell. A standing bear is usually curious, not threatening. You may try to back away slowly diagonally, but if the bear follows, stop and hold your ground.

Don't Run
You can't outrun a bear. They have been clocked at speeds up to 35 mph, and like dogs, they will chase fleeing animals. Bears often make bluff charges, sometimes to within 10 feet of their adversary, without making contact. Continue waving your arms and talking to the bear. If the bear gets too close, raise your voice and be more aggressive. Bang pots and pans. Use noisemakers. Never imitate bear sounds or make a high-pitched squeal.

If Attacked
If a bear actually makes contact, surrender! Fall to the ground and play dead. Lie flat on your stomach, or curl up in a ball with your hands behind your neck. Typically, a bear will break off it's attack once it feels the threat has been eliminated. Remain motionless for as long as possible. If you move, and the bear sees or hears you, it may return and renew its attack. In rare instances, particularly with black bears, an attacking bear may perceive a person as food. If the bear continues biting you long after you assume a defensive posture, it likely is a predatory attack. Fight back vigorously.

Protection

Firearms should never be used as the alternative to common-sense approaches to bear encounters. If you are inexperienced with a firearm in emergency situations, you are more likely to be injured by a gun than a bear. It is illegal to carry firearms in some of Alaska's national parks, so check before you go.

A .300-Magnum rifle or a 12-gauge shotgun with rifled slugs are appropriate weapons if you have to shoot a bear. Heavy handguns such as a .44-Magnum may be inadequate in emergency situations, especially in untrained hands.

State law allows a bear to be shot in self-defense if you did not provoke the attack and if there is no alternative, but the hide and skull must be salvaged and turned over to the authorities.

Defensive aerosol sprays which contain capsaicin (red pepper extract) have been used with some success for protection against bears. These sprays may be effective at a range of 6-8 yards. If discharged upwind or in a vehicle, they can disable the user. Take appropriate precautions. If you carry a spray can, keep it handy and know how to use it.

In Summary

Avoid surprising bears at close distance, look for signs of bears and make plenty of noise.
Avoid crowding bears; respect their "personal space."
Avoid attracting bears through improper handling of food or garbage.
Plan ahead, stay calm, identify yourself, don't run.
In most cases, bears are not a threat, but they do deserve your respect and attention. When traveling in bear country, keep alert and enjoy the opportunity to see these magnificent animals in their natural habitat.

如果你们是一个团队，那么一定要聚集在一起，不要分散。这样你们看起来会更加强大，防止熊的突然进攻。

 

     睡下铺的时候，请考虑如下两点再做选择。当你的脑袋靠向窗户，会特别感到来自铁轨和车轮的震动，这对某些人来讲易于他们进入梦乡；但对另外一些人，震动就意味失眠。当脑袋靠近过道的时候，离那些上上下下的脚很近，如果每个人的脚味道都非常“正点”，那么把头靠向过道显然不明智。中铺的脑袋朝向没有什么特别的讲究。

     请用你最擅长的动作，不要讲究美观和风度。

     请尽量选择t或者k字开头的火车，因为它们比较快，但不要以为它们快就不会晚点，晚点与否跟票价没有关系，而是跟铁路部门调度水平，以及火车的拥挤程度有关。另外，5、2开头的车一般比较慢，当然l开头的车最慢，因为是临时客车，在春运期间l开头的车比较多。在选择这样的车之前要确定自己有足够的耐性，它几乎要给所有正常的车次让车。铺位最好选择靠近车厢中部，车厢两端（例如1号下铺，或者30号中铺）为了便于上厕所和打开水，夜里，车厢两端的灯不关，比较容易影响睡眠；不断来来往往的的也会让你心烦意乱；厕所飘过来的气味是你选择中间的另一个主要原因；如果再深究的话，还有安全问题，你的行李越靠近列车门，被上上下下的小贩和先下车的旅客“顺”走的可能性就越大（当然，偷窃的事情在卧铺相对要少得多）。

     尤其提醒上铺的人注意，不要在睡觉之前过量饮水，即便平时你有这个习惯，火车上也不要这么做，黑灯瞎火的时候下床，危险程度不亚于擅闯女生宿舍。除非你觉得不如此，睡在下面的人只有挨淋的份，绝大多数情况请憋到天亮。对于厕所的卫生问题希望你有心理准备，不能要求这里跟家里一样。不要带杂志上厕所，因为火车上的厕所至今还是蹲踞式，非坐便器。大解，请带好草纸。厕所里虽然有卷纸桶在那里，但只是摆设，不要指望里头有纸。请不要在火车快要停站的时候上厕所，因为这个时候厕所是上锁的，目的是维护站台的整洁。当然，你如果实在憋得不行，也可以向列车员请求，上海铁路局的列车员一般会严正拒绝，天津客运段的列车员比较好说话，反正这一切就看运气了。

7、如何睡觉

     如果你有裸睡的习惯，请放弃。

8、如何处理人际关系

     南京客运段有几趟车的乘务员非常漂亮，想追，可以留心。